The measurements with the use of special programs permitted to observe a steady increment of frequency of the radio signal sent off from the Earth and actively re-transmitted by the spacecraft, i.e. This velocity is outwards and hence produces a red shift. Is the modeled velocity of the spacecraft due to the gravitational and other large forces. The factor 2 is because they use two- and three-way data. The observed, two-way normal effect can be expressed to first order in v/c as , the predicted frequency of the re-transmitted signal observed by a DSN antennae, and The time of the signal travel is used for the position calculation verification and the Doppler effect of frequency change with its high accuracy provides an additional verification of the relative velocity. The spacecraft ranging and Doppler velocity measurements are performed by sending a radio signal from the Earth to the spacecraft, from which an active transponder returns it back. Detailed analyses of these data indicated existence of an apparent anomalous, constant, acceleration acting on the spacecraft, directed toward the Sun. The principle of Compensation contradicts Relativity theory, predicts such acceleration and is for the electromagnetic spacetime metric what the principle of Equivalence is for the gravific spacetime metric.įirst published in 1998 (PRL 81, 2858), results from an almost twenty-year study of radiometric data from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft have been continuously reported by Anderson et al. The theory of Relation, which is an alternative to the inflationist model, postulates that our universe is made of two antagonistic but complementary structures. We suggest a new physical theory based on a new principle called “Compensation” as a thinkable explanation for the non-conventional Pioneer effect. Their nature is of quantum vacuum origin, and these induced forces act in addition to ordinary gravitational forces, violating the principle of Equivalence. The reported odd acceleration of Pioneer 10 with a magnitude ∼8.5 × 10 −10 m/s 2 can be explained by an induced gravitational interaction on the S-band signals traveling between the probe and the Earth, arising from the electromagnetic properties of the outer Solar System vacuum zero-point radiation interacting with matter. As a result, he became the father of concentrated solar power.Radiometric data from the Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft indicated an anomalous constant acceleration acting on them, directed toward the Sun, and a gradual growth of the radio signal frequency emitted by the receding transmitter. Department of Energy for its excellent solar history timeline, from which these pioneers were taken.)Īs early as 212 BC, the Greek scientist, Archimedes, used the reflective properties of bronze shields to focus sunlight and to set fire to wooden ships from the Roman Empire which were besieging Syracuse. Which got the Solar Power World team to thinking: How many of us in today’s solar industry know the names of the innovators, pioneers that made our industry possible? So we did a little research and put together a list of the 23 solar pioneers whose names you should know. One of his most famous quotations was this: “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” This is one of Editorial Director Frank Andorka’s favorite quotations of all time (as a former history major, this is no surprise, of course). Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, aka George Santayana, was an American philosopher, essayist, poet and novelist.
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